Logs are just exponential equations written differently.
LOG x = x^b i believe.
b
Math teachers use it just to confuse you
Im not sure if arctan is co-tangent or just tangent.
Tangent is sin(t)/cos(t)
Cotangent is cos(t)/sin(t)
Sin is a term used in trigenometry which is equal to to point y on a circle, divided by the radius of the circle
so a circle with the radious 1, and the point on 0,1
would be sin(1).....which is equal to a number of radians (a circle divided evenly). the number of radians is for this (sin(1)) 1pi/2
where pi is that symbol that looks like half the capital letter H. (roughly 3.14).
cos (which is cosine) is the same, except with the x value of the point.
In order to find some points on a circle, pythagorean therom needs to be used.
say you dont know the radious. The point is on 2,1. Supposing that the circle's center is positioned on the origin, this is where pt would come in. So, side a would be 2, because thats how many units you go over on the graph. Side b is 1, since that is how many units you go up. Now you have 2 legs of a triangle. The third leg, is from the point on the circle, to the origin. side c. Side c*c= a*a + b*b
c*c= 2*2 +1*1
c*c=4+1
c*c=5
c=sqrt(5)
so, the radious of the circle is the square root of 5 (which cannot evenly be factored out).
Im not a teacher of mathematics, so some things may be off or just wrong. I'm only in the 10th grade, and in the second semester of Math Anaysis (sp). So, if someone else can explain it better, go ahead

. I hope i helped you.
A math education of Geometry or higher is recommended for scripters.